Quick update, incase I'm not the only person reading this thread.
As I was messing around with this today, tried a few experiments and made a couple observations.
My cabinet is 8ohms. If you're following from the first post, the 4ohm position is the only one working, and it's also the one that the green lead from the PCB is wired to. I decided to wire the green lead to the 8ohm lug, and I was able to get guitar to come out of that, the 4ohm AND the 16ohm but all of it was accompanied by LOTS of noise and that same "everything turned up all the way" sound I was getting before. Since I went from "no guitar signal" on two lugs, to "guitar signal through all of them" by soldering it a different impedance setting, does that implicate the rotary switch itself?
Two other observations:
I decided to try running the effects loop 'send' to a different amp to check and see if that was working correctly and to see if the preamp was in full working order.
When I plugged the external amp into 'send', I was getting sound out of both the second amplifier AND the speaker connected to the OTS. That's obviously not right.
When I plugged the external amp into 'return', I was getting signal just through the second amplifier, and it responded to knob adjustments just like it should, with no extra noise.
So is there some potential the impedance selector is originating from something wrong with either the jack(s) or somewhere in the connection between them and the power tube section?